Alkene Molecular Form Name Structure General Formula ...
Alkene
Molecular Form |
Name |
Structure |
General Formula |
C2H4 |
Ethene |
C2H4 |
CnH2n |
C3H6 |
Propene |
CH3CH=CH2 |
Arenes: It is an aromatic hydrocarbon. E.g. Benzene, Naphthalene. These compounds contain a ring-like structure unit.
Molecular structure of C6H6
Benzene
Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH or RCO2H
Examples:
-
CH3COOH
CH3CH2COOH
Ethanoic Acid
Propanoic Acid
Nitriles: RCN
Example;
-
CH3CN
Ethane nitrile
Amines: (R – NH2)
E.g. CH3CH2NH2 (Ethanamine)
CH3CH2CH2NH2 (Propanamine)
Isomers: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
E.g.
C5H12
Sample Question:
Addition:
Substitution: CH3CH2Cl + OH- > CH3CH2OH + Cl-
Elimination: CH3CH2CH2OH > conc. H2SO4 > CH3CH = CH2 + H2O
Hydrolysis: CuSO4 (Colorless) (anhydrous) + H2O > CuSO4 (aq.) blue
CH3CH2I + H2O > CH3CH2OH + HI
Condensation: CH3CH2COOH + CH3CH2OH > CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 + H2O
Oxidation: CH3CH2OH >[O]> CH3COOH
Reduction: CH3CHO >[H]> CH3CH2OH
Ester: R – COOR
or, R CO2 R
Examples:
CH3COOCH3
[Ethanoate methyl] or [Methyl. ethanoate]
|
|
CH3CH2COOCH3
[Ethyl ethanoate] |
|
CH3CH2COOCH3
[Methyl propanoate] |
|
CH3CH2COOCH2CH3
[Ethyl propanoate] |
Halogen Alkane:
CH3CH2Cl [Chloro ethane] |
CH3F [Flouro methane] |
CH3CH2CH2Br [Bromo Propane] |
Alcohol: R – OH [Alkyl group]
CH3 – OH Methanol |
CH3CH2CH2OH Propanol |
CH3CH2CH2CH2 OH Butanol |
Types of alcohol
*where Primary alcohol is attached to one alkyl group, secondary alcohol is attached to 2-alkyl group and tertiary alcohol is attached to 3-alkyl group.
Aldehydes: R – CHO
Examples:
CH3CHO Ethanal |
|
CH3CH2CHO
Propanal |
Ketones: R – CO – R
Example:
CH3 – CO – CH3 Propanone |
Isomers: There are two types of isomers, i.e. Structural and Stereoisomer
Structural Isomers: These isomers are categorized into three different segments. Such as.
a. Chain Isomer: Chain Isomers have the same molecular structure but differ in the order in which C-atoms are bonded to each other.
b. Position isomers: Those isomer that have same carbon skeleton and same functional group, but differ in the location of the functional group.
c. Functional Group Isomers: These isomers have same molecular structure but different functional group.
2. Stereoisomers: These isomers have same molecular structure and sequence of the bonded atoms but it differs due to spatial arrangement of atoms. Stereoisomers are categorized into two forms, i.e. Geometrical (cis-trans) and enatiomeric (optical).
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