Organic Chemistry - II

  Alkene Molecular Form Name Structure General Formula ...

 

Alkene

Molecular Form	Name	Structure	General Formula
C2H4	Ethene	C2H4	CnH2n
C3H6	Propene	CH3CH=CH2

Arenes: It is an aromatic hydrocarbon. E.g. Benzene, Naphthalene. These compounds contain a ring-like structure unit.

Molecular structure of C₆H₆

Benzene

Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH or RCO₂H

Examples:

CH3COOH	CH3CH2COOH
Ethanoic Acid	Propanoic Acid

Nitriles: RCN

Example;

CH3CN

Ethane nitrile

Amines: (R – NH₂)

E.g. CH₃CH₂NH₂ (Ethanamine)

CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂ (Propanamine)

Isomers: Molecules having the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

E.g.

C₅H₁₂

Sample Question:

Addition:

Substitution: CH₃CH₂Cl + OH^-    >  CH₃CH₂OH + Cl^-

Elimination: CH₃CH₂CH₂OH    ^> conc. H₂SO₄     > CH₃CH = CH₂ + H₂O

Hydrolysis: CuSO₄ (Colorless) (anhydrous) + H₂O  >  CuSO₄ (aq.) blue

CH₃CH₂I + H₂O     >     CH₃CH₂OH + HI

Condensation: CH₃CH₂COOH + CH₃CH₂OH   >    CH₃CH₂COOCH₂CH₃ + H₂O

Oxidation: CH₃CH₂OH    >[O]>             CH₃COOH

Reduction: CH₃CHO   >[H]>              CH₃CH₂OH

Ester: R – COOR

or, R CO₂ R

Examples:

CH3COOCH3 [Ethanoate methyl] or [Methyl. ethanoate]
CH3CH2COOCH3 [Ethyl ethanoate]
CH3CH2COOCH3 [Methyl propanoate]
CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 [Ethyl propanoate]

Halogen Alkane:

CH3CH2Cl [Chloro ethane]

CH3F [Flouro methane]

CH3CH2CH2Br [Bromo Propane]

Alcohol: R – OH [Alkyl group]

CH3 – OH Methanol

CH3CH2CH2OH Propanol

CH3CH2CH2CH2 OH Butanol

Types of alcohol

*where Primary alcohol is attached to one alkyl group, secondary alcohol is attached to 2-alkyl group and tertiary alcohol is attached to 3-alkyl group.

Aldehydes: R – CHO

Examples:

CH3CHO Ethanal
CH3CH2CHO Propanal

Ketones: R – CO – R

Example:

CH3 – CO – CH3 Propanone

Isomers: There are two types of isomers, i.e. Structural and Stereoisomer

Structural Isomers: These isomers are categorized into three different segments. Such as.

a. Chain Isomer: Chain Isomers have the same molecular structure but differ in the order in which C-atoms are bonded to each other.

b. Position isomers: Those isomer that have same carbon skeleton and same functional group, but differ in the location of the functional group.

c. Functional Group Isomers: These isomers have same molecular structure but different functional group.

2. Stereoisomers: These isomers have same molecular structure and sequence of the bonded atoms but it differs due to spatial arrangement of atoms. Stereoisomers are categorized into two forms, i.e. Geometrical (cis-trans) and enatiomeric (optical).