Organic Chemistry a. Alkanes : Saturated (a compound containing carbon-carbon single covalent bond) hydrocarbon compound containing carbo...
Organic Chemistry
a. Alkanes: Saturated (a compound containing carbon-carbon single covalent bond) hydrocarbon compound containing carbon and hydrogen only as elementary.
Molecular Form |
Name |
Structure |
General Formula |
CH4 |
Methane |
CnH2n+2 where n= no. of carbon atoms |
|
C2H6 |
Ethane |
|
|
C3H8 |
Propane |
|
Functional group: Atom or group or atom other than hydrogen which gives characteristic property of a compound.
E.g.: CH4 is gas but CH3OH is a liquid CH4 is insoluble in water but CH3OH is soluble. [ OH is a functional group]
Cl2 Cl – Cl Cl o + Cl x
[Homolytic fission (equal division of electron in a bond) gives radical.
(Cl o + Cl x) Radicals: particle with an odd number of electron.
Heterolytic fission (unequal division of electron in a bond) gives ions.
Cl + + [Cl ox] -
15.1
(c) Halogenation of Methane with Chlorine
* Mechanism: Free radical
* Initiation: formation of radicals
Optical isomer: Compound containing four different groups around carbon atoms shows this isomer; the carbon is called chiral marked as optical isomers have almost all physical and chemical properties same except one isomer rotates the plane of polarized light clockwise, another isomer rotates into anticlockwise 2n2 where n = number of optical isomers.
E .g.
Lactic Acid (C3H6O3)
[Non - superimposable (overlapping);
hence gives rise optical isomer]
Molecular form |
Name |
Structure |
General Formula |
C4H10 |
Butane |
|
CnH2n+2
where, n= number of carbon atoms |
C5H12 |
Pentane |
|
|
C6H14 |
Hexane |
|
Alkanes: Unsaturated (a compound containing carbon-carbon double bonds) hydrocarbon
Geometrical Isomer (cis-trans):
Isomer due to the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms.
Isomer having similar chemical, physical properties except melting point/ boiling point; generally cis form has a higher melting point/ boiling point as it is more polar than transform; when two group are on the same side across c = c it is cis form when two groups are on the opposite side across c = c, it is transformed.
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